Leviticus 1-6:7

Let me state the obvious: we no longer practice animal sacrifice, or even grain offerings, for that matter. Nor do we stand in the place of Aaron and his sons, priests responsible for carrying out these rituals. But that is not to say that there is nothing here for us to learn. On the contrary, there are numerous important lessons here. Let me just name a few.

First, we need to understand the deadly seriousness of sin, even unintentional sin. Sacrifices help paint that picture. If animal sacrifice, with all its blood and gore turns your stomach, good. It should. It is a graphic portrayal of the consequences of sin, transferred from the sinner (the responsible party) to an innocent victim. With sin, God never just lets it slide. Atonement must be made.

Second, we need to appreciate God’s merciful provision for atonement for sin. The LORD does not leave the Israelites stuck with the guilt of their sin. He provides these rituals as a path to atonement, to restore right relationship between Himself and the sinner. And let’s not forget that He provides the animals, too.

Third, we need to understand that God is the One Who sets the rules. We are not free to just “wing it” with Him, as much as that might run against our modern Protestant sensibilities. No, we need to walk in humility and accept His direction — and not demand that He accept our direction.

Finally, a spoiler alert: In the end, Jesus Christ is both our High Priest and the ultimate Victim. All these sacrifices and rituals point to Him and find their true fulfilment in Him. (See the entire book of Hebrews, but especially Heb. 8:1-10:14.)

Exodus 38-40

Then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle.

Exodus 40:34

In obedience to the LORD’s instructions to Moses, the people of Israel finish the work of assembling the Tabernacle and all its associated items. When everything is set up and consecrated, the Tabernacle receives the LORD’s seal of approval: the glory of the LORD fills the Tabernacle. The LORD effectively “takes up residence” in the Tabernacle, and the display of glory provides a physical manifestation of the LORD’s presence. It is a visible sign of the LORD’s earlier promise to dwell with them:

I will dwell among the people of Israel and will be their God. And they shall know that I am the LORD their God, who brought them out of the land of Egypt that I might dwell among them. I am the LORD their God.

Exodus 29:45-46

Of course we know that — unlike an idol — the LORD is not physically confined to the Tabernacle. He remains omnipresent. Yet He chooses here to designate the Tabernacle as holy, as a special focal point of interface between Himself and Israel. Filling the Tabernacle with the glory of the LORD confirms that choice.

I’m guessing that none of us has encountered the glory of the LORD in quite the same way as the Israelites do here. We may even be tempted to be envious of their experience. But the truth is that they might well envy us:

And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.

John 1:14

Let’s recognize that truth today and live it out.

Exodus 35-37

All the men and women, the people of Israel, whose heart moved them to bring anything for the work that the LORD had commanded by Moses to be done brought it as a freewill offering to the LORD.

Exodus 35:29

Today we see the people of Israel responding favorably to the LORD. They contribute wood, animal skins, yarns, precious metals, gemstones — all that is necessary for building the Tabernacle, the Ark of the Covenant, the garments for the priests, and all the other accoutrements of worship. It is a generous outpouring, so much so that the artisans have more than enough, prompting Moses to issue a proclamation to stop giving. (Ex. 36:6)

The beautiful thing to note here is that this is entirely a freewill offering. The LORD tells Moses to make the request (Ex.35:4-9), but there is no forcible extraction. These supplies are not confiscated from the people, not taken at the point of a spear. They are given freely.

We do not know, of course, exactly what motivates the people to give. How much of this giving is driven by guilt and remorse over the Golden Calf incident? How much is driven by wanting to look better than one’s neighbor or by peer pressure? How much is given out of true gratitude and praise to the LORD for deliverance from Egypt? We are not told — and so, it must not matter. The fact remains that the giving is “over the top” and is done freely.

There are any number of times that the people of Israel get things wrong. This is not one of them.

Exodus 32-34

Meanwhile, back in the camp…

With Moses taking his time on the top of Mount Sinai, the people get antsy and quickly break the promise they made just days before to do all that the LORD commanded them. (See Ex. 19:8; 24:3-7.) With their own ears they had heard the LORD speak the Ten Commandments directly to them. Yet here they are making a golden calf, bowing down to it, and declaring that this man-made thing brought them out of Egypt. Not only that, but Aaron himself — the very man who is to be the High Priest and who has been at Moses’ side — is instrumental in making the idol.

The Israelites — including Aaron — are utterly foolish in their idolatry. They rationalize their behavior, asserting they don’t know what has become of Moses (Ex. 32:1), and Aaron even claims that his intent is to worship the LORD (Ex. 32:6). But really, they just want to do things their way.

Every time I encounter this story, I am tempted to gloat over these pathetic Israelites. I tell myself that I would clearly do better. But then reality sinks in, and I recognize myself in the mirror. I am not better at all. If anything, I am worse, as I have the advantage of knowing a good deal more of the story than they. I know of the Incarnation. I know of the Resurrection. I daresay I have the Holy Spirit. Yet I abandon the LORD and do things my own way.

How easily and swiftly the human heart is corrupted!

Exodus 29-31

The idea of holiness permeates today’s reading even more than yesterday’s. The word “holy” occurs 22 times in these three chapters (in the ESV, at least). Perhaps we should pay attention…

My sense is that holiness is practically a foreign concept for most 21^st-century Western evangelicals. We can easily understand the idea of being “set apart”, but when it comes time to actually treat something as holy, we are at a loss. For example, we call the main congregational space in the church a “sanctuary”, but really it’s just a big room where we can gather, mostly for worship, but sometimes for meetings, sometimes for parties — it really doesn’t seem to matter. We enter the sanctuary on a Sunday morning to worship, but we chatter and gab with our neighbors. I’m glad that we’re happy to see one another, but we are missing any sense of the holy.

That is not at all what we see here in Exodus. To be holy is to be utterly devoted to the LORD, and it is deadly serious — literally. Our God that we call Father now is the same God that spoke these instructions to Moses. He has not changed. He is still holy. We would do well to remember that and to act accordingly.

In saying all this, am I commending myself? Not at all. On the contrary, I am reminded all the more of my own failings. But neither my failings nor anyone else’s mean that we should (or even can) lower the standard. God is God, and He is holy.

Exodus 26-28

Reading through the instructions for building the Tabernacle, with all its pieces and parts, materials and associated accessories, one can easily get distracted by (or perhaps mired in) all the details: curtains of just such a size, so many supporting poles separated by just so many cubits, clasps of gold, clasps of bronze, positioned just so, and on it goes. In all those details, we might lose sight of an important theme: holiness.

To be holy is to be set apart, to be marked as separate and distinct, exceptional. God Himself, of course, is holy. As the Creator, He is the ultimate “Other”, the one and only uncreated Being, and so He is clearly set apart from all else. He wants to communicate this “otherness” to Israel, and He does so throughout the Tabernacle.

Just look at the overall design. First there is the outer wall of curtains surrounding the courtyard with the altar, clearly “set apart” from the common world outside. Within that is the main tent, divided into two sections, the “Holy Place” and the “Most Holy Place” (or the “Holy of Holies”), where the Ark of the Covenant is to be placed. Only the priests may enter the Holy Place, and only the High Priest may enter the Most Holy Place (and then only once a year).

Alongside the overall structure of the Tabernacle we have all those pesky detailed instructions, specifying the materials to use, how to put all the pieces together, placement of items within the Tabernacle, etc. All these details similarly point to holiness. This is not a common tent, not something you can just go buy at your local camping store. It is special. It is unique. It represents the dwelling place of the LORD God. He is not to be taken lightly. He is not cheap or common or profane. He is, in a word, holy.

We would all do well to meditate on God’s holiness, to think long and hard about His “otherness”. And then ponder how utterly mind-boggling it is that this holy God would call us into relationship — and not just any relationship, but that He would call us His children.

Exodus 22:16-25:40

The LORD speaks the Ten Commandments to the entire congregation of Israel, and the experience is so terrifying that the people beg Moses to act as an intermediary (Ex. 20:18-21). The LORD accommodates them and conveys the rest of the Law to the people indirectly through Moses. And there is quite a bit of Law, as we shall see. There are civil case laws and ceremonial laws, instructions for the Tabernacle and instructions for travel, rules for diet and rules for disease control.

As we go through all these different laws, let’s remember that this is all new territory for the people of Israel. They are newly released from centuries of slavery. They may identify with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob — or they may not! Yes, they just saw the LORD at work in the plagues and in crossing the Red Sea, but before that they all grew up under Egypt’s gods. So the LORD needs to pry them away from all they have known. He needs to instruct them in His ways. He needs to form them into a nation, even a culture. And the Law is a tool for doing that.

Generally speaking, these laws do not apply to us, but we can still learn from them, and we can still let them shape us. What principles should drive our interactions with one another? How is justice to be applied? For that matter, what is justice, anyway? What attitudes do I have that don’t square with these laws? Do I need to do things differently?

Exodus 19-22:15

Today God declares The Ten Commandments to the people of Israel. We often think of these Ten Commandments as the essential core of the Law, even as the bedrock of our own current legal code. They shape what we think of as right and wrong. They are, in fact, good for us, showing us how life really works.

Yet we can’t manage to keep them. Indeed, our culture has thoroughly cast off the first four commandments (no other gods, no graven images, not using the LORD’s name in vain, keeping the Sabbath), pays very little heed to the fifth commandment (honoring parents), murders babies, and is engaged in all sorts of sexual immorality. The entire advertising industry is founded upon covetousness, and I would not be at all surprised to find that every one of us has stolen something and then lied about it somewhere along the line.

That doesn’t mean the Commandments are not worthwhile. We should indeed honor the Ten Commandments and strive to keep them. They are good for us. But that is not where our hope lies. We simply can’t live up to the standard.

Before declaring the Ten Commandments, the LORD reveals His intentions for the people of Israel:

You yourselves have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself. Now therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and keep my covenant, you shall be my treasured possession among all peoples, for all the earth is mine; and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.

Exodus 19:4b-6a

The people of Israel, however, cannot manage to keep the commandments any better than we can. We all need a Savior, a Source of righteousness outside ourselves. That Savior is Jesus Christ. This is what Saint Peter says to those who believe in Jesus:

You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for His own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light. Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.

I Peter 2:9-10

That is to say that, in Jesus, we inherit the roles originally given to Israel to proclaim the excellencies of God. Part of that proclamation is to uphold the Ten Commandments as best we can, not as some kind of legalistic attempt to establish our own righteousness all over again, but to enjoy the good life of righteousness that God gives us in Christ — to let the world know what it’s missing out on. In other words, in Christ, the Ten Commandments should not be seen as rules, but as promises.

Exodus 16-18

Then the LORD said to Moses, “Behold, I am about to rain bread from heaven for you, and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may test them, whether they will walk in my law or not. On the sixth day, when they prepare what they bring in, it will be twice as much as they gather daily.”

Exodus 16:4-5

The LORD’s sending of manna, the bread from heaven, is simultaneously at least three things:

• Provision for the Israelites’ physical needs
• A response to the Israelites’ grumbling
• A test of the Israelites’ obedience

The people of Israel have just left Egypt, and they are on the move. They have livestock with them, but they have no stores of grain and no ongoing agricultural pursuits (obviously), so food is an understandable concern. But do the people contentedly trust that the LORD will provide? No, they grumble against Moses and Aaron — not the first time, and not the last. Their grumbling against Moses is really misdirected; they are really grumbling against the LORD and putting Him to the test.

The LORD, of course, needs no testing. He is faithful. He knows their need and meets it by giving them manna to eat, a fresh provision every day. He gives exactly enough each day, with a double portion on the day before the Sabbath (i.e., on Friday), so that the people can rest on the Sabbath (i.e., on Saturday).

This daily distribution then becomes a test of obedience for the people. There are two basic rules:

• Except on Friday, don’t try to save any manna for the next day (out of fear that the next day’s portion won’t come); instead, eat your fill and be satisfied (even on Friday)
• On the Sabbath, rest; don’t try to gather any manna then

Naturally, the Israelites fail on both counts: they try to keep back a little extra manna “just in case”, which then just rots; and they just can’t seem to rest on the Sabbath. Do the Israelites learn to follow these simple rules after just the first week or two? Perhaps. It doesn’t clearly say. But I doubt it…

Before we all start snickering at the Israelites for failing to follow the simplest of rules for the manna, let me ask just one question: How truly restful is your Sabbath Day each week?

The key factor for obedience in handling the manna is faith. And faith is the key factor for us as well. Do I truly believe that the LORD will do what He says and provide for me daily? Not just today, but tomorrow, too? Do I trust that His provision is sufficient that I can take one day a week off, without worrying about “getting it all done”? And in trusting Him, do I then enjoy his provision, returning thanks to Him for all He gives?

Exodus 12:37-15:27

The LORD said to Moses, “Consecrate to me all the firstborn. Whatever is the first to open the womb among the people of Israel, both of man and of beast, is mine.”

Exodus 13:1-2

Having just passed over all the firstborn of Israel, both of man and of beast, the LORD now lays claim to those same firstborn as His own. In the immediate, all the firstborn very literally owe their lives to the LORD. For subsequent generations, the consecration (or “setting apart”) of the firstborn then stands as an ongoing reminder of the Passover. (Ex. 13:11-16)

In truth, we all belong to the LORD. He is the Creator and so has a legitimate claim on absolutely everyone and everything. Yet we often act as though we are our own and owe Him nothing. How wrong we are! What can you do today to remind yourself that you are not your own, for you were bought with a price? (I Cor. 6:19b,20a)